CPR and AED

Consciousness

Consciousness refers to the level of awareness a person has of themselves and their surroundings. There are different levels of consciousness, ranging from completely conscious to completely unconscious (or unresponsive). Many injuries/illnesses can cause changes in a casualty’s level of consciousness, including:

• A breathing emergency
• A heart attack
• A head injury
• Poisoning
• Shock
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Medical condition (epilepsy, diabetes, etc.)

Semi-consciousness and unconsciousness are breathing emergencies for casualties lying on their back, because their tongue may fall to the back of the throat and block the airway. Saliva and other fluids can also pool at the back of the throat and choke the person.

A progressive loss of consciousness means the casualty’s condition is worsening. Always monitor a casualty’s level of consciousness and note any changes. A first aider can use the mnemonic A.V.P.U. (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive) to assess and describe levels of consciousness.

Decreased consciousness is always an urgent situation. The person can quickly become unconscious, and this is a breathing emergency. Seek medical help for anyone who is not fully conscious.

First Aid for Unconsciousness

To give first aid for unconsciousness, perform the following steps:

1. Perform a scene survey. Call or have someone call 9-1-1 as soon as unresponsiveness is determined.
2. Perform a primary survey.
3. Perform a secondary survey if necessary.
4. Turn the casualty into the recovery position if injuries permit.
5. Give ongoing care.

If injuries make it necessary for the casualty to be face up, monitor breathing continuously. If necessary, hold the airway open. Always ensure an open airway.

Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest, and waist, and continue ongoing casualty care until handover. Record any changes in their level of consciousness and when they happen.